Blood Transfusion
Blood Donation
Blood is donated by human volunteers, who can give blood as often as every 8 weeks. To donate blood, you must:
- Be at least 17 years old.
- Weigh at least 110 lb (50 kg).
- Be in good health.
The process of blood donation and the handling of donated blood in the United States is regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA enforces five layers of overlapping safeguards to protect the blood supply against disease.
- Donor screening. To donate blood, you must answer a series of questions about your current health, health history, any travel to countries where certain diseases are common, and behavior that increases your risk for getting certain diseases, such as drug use or unprotected sex. Your temperature, your blood pressure, and the volume of red blood cells in a blood sample (hematocrit) are checked. You may not be allowed to donate blood if any of these screening steps suggests a problem, such as potential exposure to an infectious disease or anemia.
- Deferred-donor lists. Organizations that collect blood must keep lists of people who are permanently prevented from giving blood. Potential donors must be checked against this list so that blood is not collected from them. The deferred-donor list includes people who have had certain types of cancer, had hepatitis after age 11, or are at high risk for HIV infection.
- Blood testing. After donation, every unit of blood is tested for the presence of certain diseases, such as hepatitis B or C, HIV, West Nile virus, or HTLV-III virus. If any disease is detected, the blood is rejected.
- Quarantine. Donated blood is kept isolated from other blood and cannot be used for any purpose until it passes all required tests.
- Quality assurance. Blood centers must keep careful records of every unit of donated blood. If a problem arises involving a donated unit of blood, the blood center must notify the FDA and work with them to correct the problem.
Donating blood for your own use
If you are going to have surgery and expect to need a blood transfusion, you may want to consider donating or banking your own blood before the surgery (autologous donation). Many people consider this option to protect themselves from the risks of disease or mismatched blood associated with blood transfusion.
But autologous donation is not completely risk-free. Most problems that occur with any blood transfusion are the result of administrative errors that cause the wrong blood type to be given. These types of errors are rare but could cause you to receive blood other than the blood you banked in preparation for the surgery. It is also possible that banking blood before your surgery will increase the possibility that you will need a transfusion, because there was not enough time before the surgery for your body to replace all the blood you donated.
For more information on this option, see:
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| Author: | Caroline Rea, RN, BS, MS | Last Updated: December 27, 2007 |
| Medical Review: | Anne C. Poinier, MD - Internal Medicine Joseph O'Donnell, MD - Hematology/Oncology | |
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