Gout
What Happens
Gout usually develops after a number of years of buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints and surrounding tissues. A gout attack usually starts during the night with moderate pain that grows worse. A gout attack typically causes pain, swelling, redness, and warmth (inflammation) in a single joint, most often the big toe (this symptom is called podagra), followed by the eventual disappearance of all symptoms.
- Mild attacks may stop after several hours or last for 1 to 2 days. These attacks are often misdiagnosed as "tendinitis" or "sprain" even though there was no trauma or overuse.
- Severe attacks may last up to several weeks, with soreness lasting for up to 1 month.
- Most people have a second attack of gout within 6 months to 2 years after their first attack, but there may be intervals of many years between attacks. If untreated, the frequency of attacks usually increases with time. However, some people never have a second attack.1
There are four stages of gout.1
First stage: High blood uric levels (no symptoms)
- The uric acid level in the blood may be higher than normal, but there are no symptoms of gout.
- High uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) may never progress beyond this stage, and symptoms of gout may never develop.
Second stage: Acute gout arthritis
- Uric acid crystals begin to form in the joint fluid, usually in one joint—most commonly the big toe—and the body often responds with a sudden inflammatory reaction: a gout attack.
- Although the big toe is the most common site for a gout attack, gout may develop in other joints, including the knee, ankle, and joints in the foot, wrist, and fingers.
- Between 10% and 25% of people with gout develop uric acid kidney stones.
- Between 10% and 40% of people with gout had a uric acid kidney stone before their first gout attack.
- After the gout attack is over, the affected joint and surrounding tissues feel normal within days until the next attack, which often occurs within 2 years.
Third stage: Interval gout
- If you have previously had an attack of gout, you will very likely have another.
- In this type of gout, you have no symptoms for a period of time between acute attacks.
- In many people this period becomes progressively shorter as attacks occur more often. Later attacks may be more severe, last longer, and involve more than one joint.
Fourth stage: Chronic tophaceous gout
- If gout symptoms have occurred off and on without treatment for 10 years or more, they may become ongoing (chronic) and frequently affect more than one joint. There may no longer be periods of time between attacks. This stage of gout is frequently confused with other forms of arthritis, most commonly osteoarthritis.
- By this time, enough uric acid crystals have accumulated in the body to form gritty, nodules called tophi. When located just under the surface of the skin, these deposits are usually firm and movable. The overlying skin may be thin and red. Tophi that are very near the skin may appear cream-colored or yellow.
- At first, tophi are usually found on or near the elbow, over the fingers and toes, or on the outer edge of the ear.
- If the condition progresses without treatment, tophi may form in the cartilage of the external ear or the tissues around the joint (bursae, ligaments, and tendons), resulting in pain, swelling, redness, and warmth (inflammation). Progressive crippling and destruction of cartilage and bone is possible.
- Fortunately, advances in the early treatment of gout have made this stage of gout uncommon.
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| Author: | Jan Nissl, RN, BS | Last Updated: July 24, 2006 |
| Medical Review: | Martin Gabica, MD - Family Medicine Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine Stanford M. Shoor, MD - Rheumatology | |
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