New and Updated Topics
Updated Health and Disease Topics
A primary care physician or a specialist in the field reviewed the following topics. All information has been verified for medical accuracy and new medical information has been added if available.
- Addison's Disease: In the Topic Overview, we have added that Addison's disease can develop if someone takes a cortisol-like medicine, such as prednisone, for a long period of time and then stops the treatment. In the Exams and Tests section, we have added more details about cortisol levels.
- Alcohol Abuse and Dependence: In this updated topic, we have added information about the recovery process and how the family and community can be involved. This includes developing social support, being an active member of a support group, and working with a sponsor. We provide new information on alcohol abuse in older adults and the combination of alcohol abuse and a mental health problem, as well as on alcohol abuse in the military.
- Allergies to Insect Stings: In this updated topic, we clarify that symptoms of serum sickness usually begin 7 to 10 days after the person is exposed to an allergen.
- Anesthesia: In this updated topic, we have clarified food and drink restrictions prior to surgery.
- Ankle Sprain: A description of a "high ankle sprain" has been added to the Cause section of this updated topic. In When to Call a Doctor, the foot feeling numb or cool has been added as a reason to call immediately. Instructions on using crutches or a walker have been added. Illustrations have been updated for style and clarity.
- Aortic Valve Regurgitation: We have updated the information in this topic following the most recent American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology guidelines for management of patients with aortic valve regurgitation. We have added information on serial testing of people who do not have symptoms. We now say that a person might have surgery if he or she has severe aortic valve regurgitation and one of the following: symptoms of aortic valve regurgitation, an ejection fraction below 50% at rest, an enlarged left ventricle more than 55 mm at rest, or another scheduled open-heart surgery.
- Black Widow Spider Bite: Information in this targeted topic has been changed to reflect that a male black widow spider bite may deliver venom. Mexico has been added to the list of countries where black widow spiders can be found.
- Blood and Body Fluid Precautions: This targeted topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Blood Transfusion: In this updated topic, we have clarified when a blood transfusion is needed. We elaborate on blood types in relation to blood transfusion. We clarify that receiving your own blood back as a transfusion (autologous donation) is safer because there is no chance of a reaction.
- Bone Spur: This targeted topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Brown Recluse Spider Bite: Southern Canada has been removed as an area where brown recluse spiders can be found.
- Calluses and Corns: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Care of an Insect Sting: Information has been added about the importance of quickly removing the stinger after a sting. Additional methods of removing the stinger have been added.
- Caring For Your Young Son's Uncircumcised Penis: In this updated targeted topic, we now say that for most boys who have not been circumcised, the foreskin can be retracted by age 3.
- Cervical Spinal Stenosis: This targeted topic now notes that stenosis can injure the spinal cord itself and that this damage can be crippling. The terms "bulging of the discs" and "incontinence" are defined in the topic.
- Cesarean Section: This updated topic now includes additional cesarean section risks from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. We now include the increased need for the infant to have special care in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) after cesarean delivery. The other cesarean section risk added is the increased likelihood of lung immaturity in infants delivered before 39 weeks of gestation.
- Choosing a Health Care Agent: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Circumcision: In this updated topic, we note that in the last 30 years, an average of about 61 male babies out of 100 born in hospitals in the United States were circumcised. And we now say that for most boys who have not been circumcised, the foreskin can be retracted by age 3.
- Cirrhosis: This updated topic now includes information on sodium consumption, and we clarify the effectiveness for using the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure for cirrhosis.
- Cleft Lip: In the Treatment Overview of this updated topic, we now say that treatment is usually done within 3 to 6 months after birth. We have added that a second lip surgery may be needed at 4 or 5 years of age and that corrective surgery on the nose may not occur until adolescence.
- Cleft Palate: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Colds: This targeted topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Congenital Hydrocephalus: This updated topic includes a slight change in prevalence. The Symptoms section now mentions that symptoms may not be as obvious in toddlers and older children as they are in infants. In the Treatment Overview, we have clarified that ETV is not usually used as an initial treatment in newborns. Also, in the Home Treatment section, we now say that there are no official guidelines to restrict sports in children who have shunt systems.
- Contact Lens Care: We have added information on small objects becoming trapped under a lens and minor eye infections. In the information on extended-wear lenses, we now say that most ophthalmologists recommend not sleeping with any type of contact lens in the eyes. We also say that homemade solutions are not recommended for use in cleaning lenses. In the information on avoiding lens problems, we now mention decorative lenses.
- Deep Vein Thrombosis: We have added fainting (syncope) as a reason to call a doctor, because it can be a symptom of pulmonary embolism. We have clarified that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be used to relieve symptoms but not as a substitute for anticoagulant medicine. In the Exams and Tests section, we have added that screening is sensible if you have a first-degree family member who has had a blood clot in a vein before age 45 or has had problems with blood clotting. We have de-emphasized venography as a test for deep vein thrombosis, because it is not commonly used. We have added that you should avoid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs because of the risk of bleeding, unless your doctor tells you to take them. We have added that if you take anticoagulants, you should avoid activities, even at work, that pose a risk of serious injury. We have de-emphasized thrombolytic therapy for deep vein thrombosis. We have added more information about d-dimer testing after anticoagulation therapy.
- Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: In the Exams and Tests section of this updated topic, we now mention both ultrasound and endometrial biopsy as tests for early detection after menopause. In the Medications section, we have added that birth control pills reduce the amount of heavy menstrual bleeding by about half. And we note that when you stop taking the pills, irregular bleeding or perimenopausal symptoms may return. In the Surgery section, we no longer say that hysteroscopy is typically done. In the endometrial ablation information, we now mention heated free fluid and microwave techniques.
- Early Disease Detection: We have updated this topic to include the latest American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for well-child visits.
- Gestational Diabetes: In this updated topic, we state that some women who have gestational diabetes may also go on to develop type 2 diabetes. In the What Happens section, we have added that some women may develop preeclampsia. In the What Increases Your Risk section, we now say that women who are not physically active before pregnancy may have an increased risk of gestational diabetes. In the Exams and Tests section, we have added information about a doctor's reasoning for prescribing insulin based on the fetal ultrasound test.
- Hospice Care: In this updated topic, we explain that hospice will work with the patient and family to coordinate needed care outside the hospice system. We also clarify information about eligibility requirements for hospice.
- How to Remove a Tick: This targeted topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Hyperthyroidism: We have clarified that if TSH levels are low, more tests may be done. And we now say that radioactive iodine can cause hypothyroidism within 1 to 10 years of treatment. Also, we now describe what a person needs to do if his or her plans for travel are within 5 to 7 days of radioactive treatment, including checking with local authorities about any special procedures, asking the doctor to write a treatment confirmation letter that provides the doctor's 24-hour telephone numbers, and waiting for permission to travel.
- Immunizations: This topic now links to the 2008 recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents. The Topic Overview now lists some of the recommended immunizations for adolescents. In the Childhood Immunizations section, the meningococcal vaccine MCV4 is now listed as the preferred vaccine (over MPSV4) in children ages 2 through 10. We now mention TriHIBit and Comvax and say that combination vaccines are preferred over separate shots because they reduce the number of needle sticks and protect children from more diseases without delay. In the When to Call a Doctor section, we now say that you should talk to your doctor about getting certain shots if you live with or visit a pregnant woman or infant or if there is a person in your household with an impaired immune system.
- Insomnia: This updated topic now contains the most current information from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Practice Parameters on using polysomnography to investigate insomnia. We have removed the information about the use of chloral hydrate to treat insomnia, because this no longer reflects current clinical practice. The information about the use of melatonin to reduce jet lag is now updated to reflect recent research results.
- Labor, Delivery, and Postpartum Period: The Topic Overview now defines three stages of labor. We have relocated "What can you expect after childbirth?" to the end of the Topic Overview. In "How can you prepare for labor and delivery?" the birth plan emphasis reflects a more cooperative partnership between a woman and her health professional. We have revised the "After Delivery" area of the When to Call a Doctor section to include seizure and high blood pressure symptoms as well as updated information on the measurement of fever, contraction frequency, and vaginal bleeding. In the section Active Labor, Second State, we have added a new bullet point on unexpected developments immediately following childbirth. And the new Third Stage, After the Baby is Born section has a more in-depth explanation of the placental delivery.
- Low Back Pain: The Topic Overview now includes more content on initial treatment, including trying heat or ice and not staying in one position for too long. The Cause section notes that osteoarthritis can cause changes in the way a person walks, which can lead to back pain. The When to Call a Doctor section has been modified to be consistent with other Healthwise content. Spinal cord stimulation has been deleted from the Treatment Overview, because its use is limited. It is still included in the Other Treatment section. The Home Treatment section notes that back pain can interfere with sexual activity, and this section includes advice to discuss alternatives with the sex partner and perhaps the doctor. Weight gain has been added as a side effect in the information on anticonvulsants for chronic low back pain. We also have added the advice to call the doctor if swelling of the face or lips is noted when taking pregabalin. The information on medical history and physical exam notes that the evaluation will include questions about whether pain started suddenly or gradually, whether it is better with activity or with rest, whether there are related symptoms such as leg pain or weakness or problems with bowel or bladder control, whether back pain seems related to a person's work, and whether there is any legal action related to the back pain. The intradiscal electrothermic therapy (IDET) information no longer classifies the procedure as experimental, but it still notes that evidence is mixed and that there is not proof that it works. The IDET information also includes lists of criteria to help determine whether a person might be a candidate for IDET. Epidurolysis has been deleted from the information about experimental treatments. The section on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) now includes more discussion of other reasons NSAIDs are used, such as for menstrual cramping, pain from kidney stones, and aspirin to help prevent stroke and heart attack. We now note that opiates may help with chronic pain, but that it's not clear whether they will help acute pain. We comment more on whether spinal manipulation works, but we still note that results are mixed. Manipulation may not work any better than other treatment. We have removed massage and ultrasound as practices to look for in a spinal manipulation practitioner, because there is not good evidence that these methods are effective. The information about spinal cord stimulation notes that it is for specific types of chronic pain such as pain from a nerve root injury, and that there is not strong evidence that it works. The information about exercise repetitions is now consistent with other Healthwise content. The information about back school notes that studies of back school for acute pain have shown mixed results, but back schools are likely to help reduce pain and allow increased activity for people with chronic pain. The low back pain first-aid information now has pictures of suggested positions for lying down instead of pictures of walking or of an ice bag. Pain medicine has been added to the first-aid information, and the information about using ice has been modified to include trying either heat or ice.
- Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: This topic now notes that the spinal canal may also be narrowed by discs being pushed backward. Increased symptoms with walking downhill and decreased symptoms walking uphill have been added as common indications of lumbar spinal stenosis. In the information on cause and risk. We have deleted fluorosis, because it is a rare, and we have added ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and fibrosis. In the Treatment Overview, we have added constipation to the list of side effects of opioids. In the Home Treatment section where we discuss the ways to reduce the risk of falls, we have added a suggestion to limit use of alcohol and sedative medicines. The list of criteria for considering decompressive laminectomy has been modified to match the same concepts in the Decision Point on having surgery for spinal stenosis. Results of a study on surgery have been added, which suggest that after 8 to 10 years people with or without surgery were equally satisfied and had similar decreases in symptoms, while those who had surgery were generally more active and had less leg pain. The information on epidural steroid injection now distinguishes between imaging tests that might be done before the procedure and X-ray to guide needle placement during the procedure. This information also notes that most experts recommend no more than 3 injections in a 12-month period. The topic points out that opioids are usually only used for a short period of time, to help avoid side effects. The Decision Point "Should I have surgery for spinal stenosis?" now includes problems with bowel and bladder control and sudden changes in the ability to walk as situations in which to consider surgery.
- Mastitis While Breast-Feeding: This topic has been updated to reflect the perspective that mastitis is caused by a bacterial infection rather than from inadequate breast-feeding techniques. In the Topic Overview, we now state that continuing to breast-feed is helpful for clearing up mastitis and is not harmful to the baby. We have removed three things from the list of risk factors for developing mastitis: using nipple shields or breast pads, using breast binders, and wearing a too-tight nursing bra. In the Treatment Overview, we have added that a baby’s reluctance to nurse on the affected breast may be due to the different feel of the breast rather than the taste of the milk, and that expressing some milk before nursing will soften the breast, making it easier for the baby to latch on. We now mention cold and warm compresses for pain relief. In the Home Treatment section, we have added that using a lanolin cream (Lansinoh) may help prevent sore or cracked nipples or ease discomfort. We have updated the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist (ACOG) link in Other Places to Get Help to specifically mention their resources on breast-feeding. An updated medical illustration shows the typical redness of mastitis on a section of the breast.
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS): This updated topic now includes more information on the medicine natalizumab for the treatment of people with MS who have not had any benefit from other medicines. Natalizumab (Tysabri) was removed from the market in 2005 but was reapproved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2006 and is now prescribed as part of a special program. Natalizumab is effective for reducing relapses and preventing permanent disability in some people with MS. But it may cause a serious and life threatening disease called PML. If you are taking Tysabri, you will be watched closely for signs of any serious side effects. The medicine modafinil (Provigil) has been removed from the information on medicines for fatigue in MS. The evidence for using this medicine for fatigue in MS is not good. Most of the information on ACTH for treating MS has been removed. This medicine is very rarely used for MS. The National Multiple Sclerosis Society recommendation that some people start medical treatment after the first attack (before a definite diagnosis) has been added.
- Organ Transplant: In this updated topic, we discuss the most recent statistics on 5-year survival rates for lung, pancreas, and heart transplants. All of the transplant illustrations—lung, heart, kidney, pancreas, and liver—have been revised.
- Osteopathy: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Palliative Care: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Patellar Tracking Disorder: Knock knees have been added to the Cause and What Increases Your Risk sections. The topic notes that the choice of which surgery to use depends on the cause of the knee problem and the surgeon's experience. The Surgery section notes that there is no proof that surgery for this disorder will prevent future problems such as osteoarthritis. We have standardized the exercise instructions so that strength exercises are done 8 to 12 times, and stretching exercises are done 2 to 4 times for at least 15 to 30 seconds each.
- Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: We now include changes under the kneecap in the information about the causes of patellofemoral pain syndrome, to be consistent with other content. The information about symptoms notes that using the stairs, especially going down, can cause symptoms.
- Peptic Ulcer Disease: In this updated topic, the information on emotional and mental stress and its relationship to peptic ulcer disease has been changed. There is no evidence that this kind of stress causes ulcers or prevents them from healing. But in some people, emotional or mental stress may combine with other factors to make peptic ulcer disease worse. The information on watchful waiting and when to call a doctor has been updated. It is important to call your doctor if you have a peptic ulcer and you are vomiting at any time, not just after meals. If you have been diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease and treatment is not helping your symptoms, or if they are getting worse, it is important to call your doctor. Watchful waiting is not appropriate in this case. The antacid sodium bicarbonate has been deleted from the topic. It is unlikely that someone would be taking this antacid. The information on antacids reducing the absorption of iron has been deleted. Antacids and acid reducers or blockers do not affect iron absorption. One example of combination treatment for peptic ulcer disease (ranitidine hydrochloride plus a bismuth compound plus either clarithromycin, metronidazole, or tetracycline hydrochloride) has been deleted. This is not one of the most commonly used combinations and is less effective than the others listed. The possible side effects of reduced calcium absorption and broken bones have been added to the information on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). The possible increased risk of infection has also been added as a side effect of PPIs.
- Phenylketonuria (PKU): In the Topic Overview, we have updated the incidence of PKU and now mention in which ethnic groups PKU is most common. We now state that the PKU diet is a lifelong treatment. In the Exams and Tests section, we now mention that testing before 24 hours can give false negative results. For children who have PKU, we now say that testing may occur as often as once a week in a baby's first year and then once or twice a month throughout childhood. We mention the new drug Kuvan in the Treatment Overview. And we now say pregnant women who have PKU should be tested at least once a week. In the Home Treatment section, we have added that regular dental care is important for children who have PKU.
- Pilonidal Disease: This updated topic contains new information about the use of antibiotic soap, alcohol swabs, and electrolysis to prevent pilonidal disease from progressing to the point where surgery is required.
- Placenta Abruptio: This updated topic now includes sudden, severe belly pain and heavy blood loss in the information on when to call 911 or other emergency services. Light to moderate vaginal bleeding and sudden, but moderate, belly pain have been added to the information on when to call your doctor.
- Placenta Previa: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): The Topic Overview now talks about infertility, the cardiovascular and smoking risks, and the role of pelvic ultrasound in diagnosis. Depression is now listed as a symptom of PCOS. We no longer mention metabolic syndrome but discuss these symptoms individually. In the Cause section, the menstrual cycle information now matches the guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics. In the Symptoms section, we have added other factors to the possible causes of miscarriages. In the What Happens section, we have taken out the risk for breast and ovarian cancer, and we now explain the glucose/prediabetes/insulin resistance connection. In the When to Call a Doctor section, we changed the waiting time on pelvic pain from 6 months to “pelvic pain that last for more than 4 weeks.” We also say that ovarian wedge resection is hardly ever used, and we have added the risk of adhesions with laparoscopic ovarian drilling. We have removed the information on hysterectomy. We no longer say that combining metformin and clomiphene works better than using these medicines by themselves, based on the latest research.
- Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC): This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Prostatitis: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Psoriasis: This updated topic now contains information about a link between weight gain and psoriasis in women. We have replaced mention of a link between drinking alcohol and psoriasis with information about the stronger link between smoking and psoriasis. We have deleted information about the use of over-the-counter products for psoriasis of the nails, because these products are not effective for this type of psoriasis. The Medications section now more clearly reflects current clinical practice. We have made clear the need for blood pressure and kidney function testing while taking cyclosporine for psoriasis. We now mention the potential danger of drinking grapefruit juice while taking cyclosporine. And we have clarified the forms of each retinoid medicine (topical versus oral).
- Pyloric Stenosis: We have updated the prevalence of this condition in the "Who is affected by pyloric stenosis" information.
- Removal of Nasal Adhesions: This updated topic now includes treatment with bacitracin/polymyxin (for example, Polysporin) after surgery while splints are in place.
- Repair of a Deviated Septum (Septoplasty): This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Repair of Choanal Atresia: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Repair of Nasal Septal Perforation: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Repair of Oromaxillary Fistula: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Rotator Cuff Disorders: Stiffness has been removed as a primary symptom of a rotator cuff disorder. Stiffness is more likely to come later if pain limits movement and the shoulder loses flexibility. Catching and locking have also been removed from the topic. The topic describes the use of steroid shots as a tool for diagnosis. The topic clarifies that surgery for a sudden injury is best done within a few weeks. For most rotator cuff disorders, surgery is not done until nonsurgical treatment has been tried for 3 to 6 months. The information on corticosteroid injection has been rephrased to be more positive. For consistency, exercise instructions now say to repeat 8 to 12 times.
- Schizophrenia: This updated topic now includes information about schizophrenia and smoking, and we have added a link to the smoking cessation topic. We note that clozapine is used for treatment-resistant schizophrenia and not just for suicidal ideation. We have included research results that suggest first-generation antipsychotics may be as effective as second-generation antipsychotics. The risk of increased levels of the hormone prolactin is now listed in the side effects of antipsychotic medicines. The Treatment Overview now includes information on using a combination of antidepressants and antipsychotics to treat negative symptoms. And we have added information on managing schizophrenia during pregnancy.
- Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis: The topic notes that symptoms generally begin between ages 10 and 16, more commonly in boys than in girls, and that knee pain is sometimes the first symptom. The Treatment Overview notes that in addition to preventing further slipping and reducing complications, the goal of treatment is to restore the normal position of the bones. This section also briefly describes a surgery called osteotomy that is sometimes used in severe cases. The topic discusses the use of crutches before surgery to prevent further slippage and decrease pain, and their use after surgery to decrease pain and help the hip stay stable as it heals.
- Snoring: This updated topic now contains information that the amount of over-the-counter decongestants that can be purchased at any one time may be limited because of regulations in some states.
- Spondylolisthesis: We have added advice to see a doctor right away in case of loss of bowel or bladder control. Also, we have added that twisting (the trunk) is something that can make symptoms worse. The Treatment Overview now includes information about weight loss for overweight people plus further explanation of possible surgeries for this condition.
- Styes and Chalazia: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Temporomandibular (TM) Disorders: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Umbilical Hernia in Children: In this updated topic, we now say that umbilical hernias may close more slowly in African-American children. We clarify that most umbilical hernias close on their own, without treatment, by the time the child is 5 years old. We state that a large umbilical hernia is 1.5 cm or more across. We now mention that one risk from umbilical hernia surgery is that part of the intestine may be injured.
- Using Antibiotics Wisely: This targeted topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
- Vaccine Information Statements: This topic now links to the latest vaccine information statement for meningococcal vaccines. It also links to the 2008 recommended childhood immunization schedule.
- Varicose Veins: In this updated topic, we have clarified the purpose and outcomes of vein ligation and stripping. The advantages of endovenous laser and radiofrequency treatments also are now explained more clearly.
- Whooping Cough (Pertussis): In the updated Topic Overview, we have added a section about prevention. In the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) section, we have updated the prevalence information about who is affected. In the Symptoms section, we have clarified that older children and adults don't always go through the same stages of illness that babies go through. We have added apnea as a possible symptom in the second stage of illness. In the Exams and Tests section, we now mention PCR, DFA, and ELISA tests. We also say that any teen, adult, or health professional who expects to have close contact with a baby less than 1 year old should get a Tdap shot. In the Treatment Overview section, we now include the aim of treatment: to make symptoms less severe and reduce the spread of infection to close contacts. In the Home Treatment section, we have added that it's better to have your sick child lie on his or her side or stomach rather than on the back. We also say that over-the-counter medicines have not been shown to relieve symptoms. We now include information about when a person with whooping cough can return to work, day care, or school.
- Writing an Advance Directive: This topic has undergone a new medical review and was found to be accurate and up-to-date.
Healthwise is committed to writing topics in "plain language" that is easy to understand. The Topic Overview sections of the following topics have been revised for plain language, written at a reading level of 6th- to 8th-grade or lower. In upcoming releases, Healthwise will deliver more Topic Overviews written in this style.
Changes were made to the following Physician Data Query (PDQ) topics from the National Cancer Institute. Minor changes were also made to many other PDQ topics.
Adrenocortical carcinoma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
AIDS-related lymphoma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
AIDS-related lymphoma: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Anal cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Bile duct cancer, extrahepatic: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Bladder cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Bladder cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Brain cancer, cerebellar astrocytoma, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Brain cancer, cerebral astrocytoma, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Brain cancer, childhood (general information): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Brain cancer, medulloblastoma, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Brain cancer, primary central nervous system lymphoma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Brain cancer, visual pathway glioma, childhood: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Brain stem glioma, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Brain tumors, adult: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Breast cancer and pregnancy: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Breast cancer, in men: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Breast cancer, in men: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Breast cancer: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Breast cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Breast cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Breast cancer: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Cancer Screening: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Carcinoid tumors, gastrointestinal: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Carcinoma of unknown primary: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Cervical cancer: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Cervical cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Cervical cancer: Screening - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Cervical cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Colon cancer: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Colon cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Colon cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Endometrial cancer: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Endometrial cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Endometrial cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Ependymoma, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Esophageal cancer: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Esophageal cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Esophageal cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Ewing's family of tumors: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Extragonadal germ cell tumors: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Extragonadal germ cell tumors: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Eye, intraocular melanoma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Eye, retinoblastoma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Eye, retinoblastoma: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Gallbladder cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Gastric cancer: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Gastric cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Gastric cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Gastric cancer: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
General Information About Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Germ cell tumors, childhood extracranial: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Germ cell tumors, ovarian: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Germ cell tumors, testicular: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Germ cell tumors, testicular: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Gestational trophoblastic tumors: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Hepatocellular cancer: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Hepatocellular cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Hodgkin's disease, adult: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Hodgkin's disease, adult: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Hodgkin's disease, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Hodgkin's disease, childhood: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Hypopharyngeal cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Islet cell cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Kaposi's sarcoma: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Laryngeal cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Late Effects of Treatment for Childhood Cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Leukemia, acute lymphoblastic, adult: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Leukemia, acute lymphoblastic, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Leukemia, acute myeloid, adult: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Leukemia, acute myeloid, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Leukemia, acute myeloid, childhood: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Leukemia, chronic lymphocytic: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Leukemia, chronic myelogenous: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Leukemia, hairy cell: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Liver cancer, adult primary: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Liver cancer, adult primary: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Liver cancer, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Liver cancer, childhood: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Lung cancer, non-small cell: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Lung cancer, non-small cell: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Lung cancer, small cell: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Lung cancer, small cell: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Lung cancer: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Lung cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's, adult: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's, childhood: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Melanoma, cutaneous: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Merkel cell carcinoma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Mesothelioma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Mesothelioma: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Metastatic cancer, squamous neck with occult primary: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Metastatic cancer, squamous neck with occult primary: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Multiple myeloma (plasma cell neoplasm): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Mycosis fungoides and the sezary syndrome: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Myelodysplastic syndromes: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Diseases: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Nasal cavity cancer, paranasal sinus and: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Nasal cavity cancer, paranasal sinus and: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Nasopharyngeal cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Neuroblastoma: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Neuroblastoma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Neuroblastoma: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Oral cavity cancer (lip and oral cavity cancer): Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Oral cavity cancer (lip and oral cavity cancer): Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Oral cavity cancer (lip and oral cavity cancer): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Oral cavity cancer (lip and oral cavity cancer): Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Oropharyngeal cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Oropharyngeal cancer: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Osteosarcoma/Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Bone: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Ovarian epithelial cancer: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Ovarian epithelial cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Ovarian epithelial cancer: Screening - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Ovarian epithelial cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Ovarian epithelial cancer: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Ovarian low malignant potential tumors: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Ovarian low malignant potential tumors: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Pancreatic cancer, exocrine: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Pancreatic cancer, exocrine: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Parathyroid cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Penile cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Pheochromocytoma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Pituitary tumors: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Prevention and cessation of cigarette smoking: control of tobacco use: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Prostate cancer: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Prostate cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Prostate cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Prostate cancer: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Rectal cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Renal cell cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Renal pelvis, transitional cell cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Salivary gland cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Salivary gland cancer: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Sarcoma, soft tissue, adult: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Sarcoma, soft tissue, childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Sarcoma, soft tissue, childhood: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Skin cancer, melanoma: Prevention - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Skin cancer, melanoma: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Skin cancer, non-melanoma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Small intestine cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Testicular cancer: Screening - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Thymoma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Thymoma: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Thyroid cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Unusual cancers of childhood: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Unusual cancers of childhood: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Urethral cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Uterine cancer, sarcoma: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Uterine cancer, sarcoma: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Vaginal cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Vulvar cancer: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
What is screening?: Screening - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Wilms' tumor: Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI PDQ]
Wilms' tumor: Treatment - Patient Information [NCI PDQ]
Updates were also made to topics from the National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD).
This release includes an update of the Alternative Medicine topics provided by Healthnotes, Inc. (Healthnotes topics are not included in all systems.)
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